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  • Mariem Mint Cheikh holds her son, Vadal Ould Talebned, as they wait in a health post after walking 18 km through the desert to Gaat Teidouma in the Affole region of Mauritania. The baby was weak and emaciated and was eventually referred to the capital of Nouakchott which is several days journey through the desert ..(Photo by Ami Vitale)
    MT118.jpg
  • A Mauritanian makes his way on one of the few isolated roads in a country primarily made up of low-lying desert. During the recurrent droughts of the 1970s and 80s, many nomads were forced into the urban capital of Nouakchott. Now nearly half the population resides there. (Photo by Ami Vitale)
    MT114.jpg
  • Aichetou Mint Dahi helped Mariem Mint Cheikh and her son, Vadal Ould Talebned, whom she holds,  walk 18 km to Gaat Teidouma in the Affole region of Mauritania to get to a health post. The baby was weak and emaciated and was eventually referred to the capital of Nouakchott which is several days journey through the unforgiving desert ..(Photo by Ami Vitale)
    MT117.jpg
  • Zeina Waled Dossane pounds millet in the  village of Intedeyne March 15, 2007.   the challenge to educate children in Mali still exists and particularly for girls. Female literacy rates never reach even 50 percent of male literacy rates. Mali has the highest percentage of people living below the poverty line in any country in the world. Ninety percent of Malians survive on less than two dollars a day.
    DSC_0089.jpg
  • Zeina Waled Dossane pounds millet in the  village of Intedeyne March 15, 2007.   the challenge to educate children in Mali still exists and particularly for girls. Female literacy rates never reach even 50 percent of male literacy rates. Mali has the highest percentage of people living below the poverty line in any country in the world. Ninety percent of Malians survive on less than two dollars a day.
    DSC_0088.jpg
  • Children listen to their teacher in a classroom in the  village of Intedeyne March 16, 2007.  She had to drop out of school when she was married at the age of 14.  the challenge to educate children in Mali still exists and particularly for girls. Female literacy rates never reach even 50 percent of male literacy rates. Mali has the highest percentage of people living below the poverty line in any country in the world. Ninety percent of Malians survive on less than two dollars a day.
    DSC_0152.jpg
  • Litne poses outside the school in Intadeynen,  March 14, 2007 in Mali.
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  • Abouleacrine ag Tadima teaches children basic health in his classroom in the  village of Intedeyne March 15, 2007.    the challenge to educate children in Mali still exists and particularly for girls. Female literacy rates never reach even 50 percent of male literacy rates. Mali has the highest percentage of people living below the poverty line in any country in the world. Ninety percent of Malians survive on less than two dollars a day.
    DSC_0076.jpg
  • A mother gives her child some water during a break while she works  in a garden that Oxfam supported in the village of Intedeyne March 14, 2007. In this arid landscape, it requires a lot of work to maintain any kind of agriculture but it is one of the projects along with  education that Oxfam is supporting here.  Mali has the highest percentage of people living below the poverty line in any country in the world. Ninety percent of Malians survive on less than two dollars a day. In 2000, following the international commitments on education, the Government of Mali created a ten year education development program and as a result, donars provided two and a half times more aid to basic education. As a result, more than 6 out of 10 primary school age children are now enrolled in Mali. Yet the challenge to educate still exists and particularly for girls. Female literacy rates never reach even 50 percent of male literacy rates.Eight of the world's ten countries farthest from the gender parity goal are in West Africa: Niger, Chad, Burkina Faso, Mali, Ivory Coast, Guinea-Bissau, Benin and Guinea.
    DSC_0024.jpg
  • Manema Walet Issafeytane, the animatrice for the village of Intedeyne, sings songs with children including Zida, to the left of her wearing a headscarf,  March 17, 2007. Mali is one of the poorest countires in the world with 90 percent of the population living on less than $2 per day.
    _DSC0469.jpg
  • Baksesa prepares lunch for children, often their only meal of the day after school in the  village of Intedeyne March 15, 2007.    Food is provided by Oxfam in an effort to encourage the children to attend school. the challenge to educate children in Mali still exists and particularly for girls. Female literacy rates never reach even 50 percent of male literacy rates. Mali has the highest percentage of people living below the poverty line in any country in the world. Ninety percent of Malians survive on less than two dollars a day.
    _DSC0388.jpg
  • Fatimata sits in a classroom in the  village of Intedeyne March 15, 2007.     the challenge to educate children in Mali still exists and particularly for girls. Female literacy rates never reach even 50 percent of male literacy rates. Mali has the highest percentage of people living below the poverty line in any country in the world. Ninety percent of Malians survive on less than two dollars a day.
    _DSC0366.jpg
  • Children play a game called Takliliko where they fall into the arms of others while singing in the  village of Intedeyne March 15, 2007.    the challenge to educate children in Mali still exists and particularly for girls. Female literacy rates never reach even 50 percent of male literacy rates. Mali has the highest percentage of people living below the poverty line in any country in the world. Ninety percent of Malians survive on less than two dollars a day.
    DSC_0197.jpg
  • Adaha sits in her home and talks about the need for women and men to be able to have more equality in the  village of Intedeyne March 15, 2007.   the challenge to educate children in Mali still exists and particularly for girls. Female literacy rates never reach even 50 percent of male literacy rates. Mali has the highest percentage of people living below the poverty line in any country in the world. Ninety percent of Malians survive on less than two dollars a day.
    DSC_0139.jpg
  • Children answer questions in the  village of Intedeyne March 15, 2007.   the challenge to educate children in Mali still exists and particularly for girls. Female literacy rates never reach even 50 percent of male literacy rates. Mali has the highest percentage of people living below the poverty line in any country in the world. Ninety percent of Malians survive on less than two dollars a day.
    DSC_0111.jpg
  • Zeina Waled Dossane pounds millet in the  village of Intedeyne March 15, 2007.   the challenge to educate children in Mali still exists and particularly for girls. Female literacy rates never reach even 50 percent of male literacy rates. Mali has the highest percentage of people living below the poverty line in any country in the world. Ninety percent of Malians survive on less than two dollars a day.
    DSC_0089.jpg
  • Abouleacrine ag Tadima teaches children basic health in his classroom in the  village of Intedeyne March 15, 2007.    the challenge to educate children in Mali still exists and particularly for girls. Female literacy rates never reach even 50 percent of male literacy rates. Mali has the highest percentage of people living below the poverty line in any country in the world. Ninety percent of Malians survive on less than two dollars a day.
    DSC_0086.jpg
  • Mahmoud stands in front of the chalk board as they wait for their teacher to arrive in a classroom in the  village of Intedeyne March 15, 2007.    the challenge to educate children in Mali still exists and particularly for girls. Female literacy rates never reach even 50 percent of male literacy rates. Mali has the highest percentage of people living below the poverty line in any country in the world. Ninety percent of Malians survive on less than two dollars a day.
    DSC_0045.jpg
  • Mahmoud stands in front of the chalk board as they wait for their teacher to arrive in a classroom in the  village of Intedeyne March 15, 2007.    the challenge to educate children in Mali still exists and particularly for girls. Female literacy rates never reach even 50 percent of male literacy rates. Mali has the highest percentage of people living below the poverty line in any country in the world. Ninety percent of Malians survive on less than two dollars a day.
    DSC_0041 (1).jpg
  • Fatima stands in a garden that Oxfam supported in the village of Intedeyne March 14, 2007. In this arid landscape, it requires a lot of work to maintain any kind of agriculture but it is one of the projects along with  education that Oxfam is supporting here.  Mali has the highest percentage of people living below the poverty line in any country in the world. Ninety percent of Malians survive on less than two dollars a day. In 2000, following the international commitments on education, the Government of Mali created a ten year education development program and as a result, donars provided two and a half times more aid to basic education. As a result, more than 6 out of 10 primary school age children are now enrolled in Mali. Yet the challenge to educate still exists and particularly for girls. Female literacy rates never reach even 50 percent of male literacy rates.Eight of the world's ten countries farthest from the gender parity goal are in West Africa: Niger, Chad, Burkina Faso, Mali, Ivory Coast, Guinea-Bissau, Benin and Guinea.
    DSC_0040.jpg
  • Children in a classroom in the  village of Intedeyne March 15, 2007.    the challenge to educate children in Mali still exists and particularly for girls. Female literacy rates never reach even 50 percent of male literacy rates. Mali has the highest percentage of people living below the poverty line in any country in the world. Ninety percent of Malians survive on less than two dollars a day.
    DSC_0037.jpg
  • Muna, wearing white flowered dress, sits in a classroom in the  village of Intedeyne March 15, 2007.    the challenge to educate children in Mali still exists and particularly for girls. Female literacy rates never reach even 50 percent of male literacy rates. Mali has the highest percentage of people living below the poverty line in any country in the world. Ninety percent of Malians survive on less than two dollars a day.
    DSC_0011.jpg
  • Women prepare tea for men during Rammadan in the village of Bounessa in the the Affole region of Mauritania. The village has only 61 families, all of one sub-clan and tribe, the Swaqer of the Hel Sidi Mahmoud and the families were once nomadic.  (Photo by Ami Vitale)
    MT110.jpg
  • A young sorghum seed struggles to grow in the region of Affole in Mauritania where farmers who were once nomads built a dam.  Successive droughts and the attractions of settled life have reduced that figure of nomadic herders to about 10%. Almost half of Mauritanians live in the capital, Nouakchott, which was no more than a coastal village fifty years ago. (Photo by Ami Vitale)
    mt153.jpg
  • Even in the pre-dawn light, cries of the farmers in the village of Bounessa in the Affole region of Mauritania ring across the valley, challenging the birds that want a share of the ripening sorghum. Bounessa is a village of only 61 families, all of one sub-clan and tribe, the Swaqer of the Hel Sidi Mahmoud. The families were once nomadic,  but since they built a dam in 1960, they are settled now. "We were tired going from one place to another. Before the dam (was built) we cultivated where we could. With the dam and the cereals we have a new life. We can buy goats and sheep. Now I have stayed in a permanent house for seven years. " (Photo by Ami Vitale)
    MT140.jpg
  • Children eat lunch, often their only meal of the day after school in the  village of Intedeyne March 15, 2007.    Food is provided by Oxfam in an effort to encourage the children to attend school. the challenge to educate children in Mali still exists and particularly for girls. Female literacy rates never reach even 50 percent of male literacy rates. Mali has the highest percentage of people living below the poverty line in any country in the world. Ninety percent of Malians survive on less than two dollars a day.
    DSC_0255.jpg
  • Ibrahim stands next to water tanks next to a garden Oxfam supported in the village of  Intadeynen, March 14, 2007 in Mali.
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  • The world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7769.TIF
  • Sunita Devi, 13, left and Subita Devi, 13 wake up and prepares tea at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7605.TIF
  • A family prepares tea at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7601.TIF
  • Subita Devi, 13 wakes up and prepares tea at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7537.TIF
  • A camel trader smokes a pipe at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7255.TIF
  • Camel traders  collect water for their livestock at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7238.TIF
  • Camel traders  collect water for their livestock at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7228.TIF
  • A camel trader makes tea at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7208.TIF
  • Camel traders  collect water for their livestock at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7128.TIF
  • Arab Moors  who live in the remote town of Boujbeja struggle to survive in the harsh desert. "Boujbeja" means the luck of the desert but after a severe drought in 1966, they have been fighting the constant push of the sands and must dig 70 meters under ground to get water. Despite these difficult living conditions, the villagers do not want to leave and like the peace they enjoy from the rest of the world. The leader of the villager, Cheik Bey, is trying to preserve ancient manuscripts from his family. Sadly, many of them have been lost or severley damaged but for those that remain it is a magnificent reminder of Africa's literary history.  (Photo by Ami Vitale),
    _DSC0111.jpg
  • Subita Devi, 13 poses with a professional camera as other tourists take photos at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
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  • Subita Devi, uses a professional camera while her sister Lila watch tourists at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7673.TIF
  • The world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7759.TIF
  • The world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7768.TIF
  • Subita Devi  at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7642.TIF
  • Subita Devi  at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7639b.TIF
  • Subita Devi  at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7635.TIF
  • Sunita Devi, 13, right and Subita Devi, 13 take photos on their mobile phone at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7618.TIF
  • Sunita Devi, 13, left and Subita Devi, 13 take a photo with their mobile phone at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7614.TIF
  • Subita Devi, 13 wakes up and prepares tea at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7550.TIF
  • Subita Devi, 13 wakes up and prepares tea at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7549.TIF
  • Subita  Devi, 13 wakes up and prepares tea at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7522.TIF
  • Subita Devi, 13 wakes up and prepares tea at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7520.TIF
  • Camel traders and their camels enjoy a morning feast, shot from above at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7239.TIF
  • Camel traders  collect water for their livestock at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7220.TIF
  • Camel traders  collect water for their livestock at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7226.TIF
  • A camel trader makes tea at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7193.TIF
  • Subita Devi, 13 wakes up at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7152.TIF
  • Camel traders  collect water for their livestock at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7145.TIF
  • A camel trader makes tea at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7133.TIF
  • Camel traders  collect water for their livestock at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_7119.TIF
  • Camel traders and their camels enjoy a morning feast, shot from above at the world's largest annual cattle fair in the desert town of Pushkar, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Every year thousands of camel herders from the semi-nomadic Rabari tribe, who make a living rearing animals, travel for two to three weeks across 500 kilometers to set up camp in the desert dunes near Pushkar to sell their livestock. The herders sell more than 20,000 camels, horses and other animals at the annual cattle fair.
    DSC_1982.TIF
  • 2927309: JAISALMER, INDIA, FEB. 6, 2004: Rajasthani camel owners look for customers to give rides to at sunset on the last day of the Desert Festival  that culminated in the picturesque Sam dunes near Jaisalmer, India February 6,2004. Thousands of locals, Indians and several hundred foreigners showed up for the event. (Ami Vitale/Getty Images)
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  • 2927309: JAISALMER, INDIA, FEB. 6, 2004: Rajasthani tourists watch Indian paratroopers jump out of a helicopter on the last day of the Desert Festival  that culminated in the picturesque Sam dunes near Jaisalmer, India February 6,2004. Thousands of locals, Indians and several hundred foreigners showed up for the event. (Ami Vitale/Getty Images)
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  • Cairo, Egpyt: An Egyptain man walks in the desert with a camel in Cairo, Egypt . (Photo Ami Vitale)
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  • Villagers of Zigberi get water from the only pump well that offers clean water for miles in a remote part of Burkina Faso in the desert region near the Malian border March 28, 2007.  Water is  precious commodity here and most families end up drinking dirty water rather than walk the miles it takes to get to the well. Ami Vitale
    _DSC2021.jpg
  • Villagers of Zigberi get water from the only pump well that offers clean water for miles in a remote part of Burkina Faso in the desert region near the Malian border March 28, 2007.  Water is  precious commodity here and most families end up drinking dirty water rather than walk the miles it takes to get to the well. Ami Vitale
    _DSC1995.jpg
  • Villagers of Zigberi get water from the only pump well that offers clean water for miles in a remote part of Burkina Faso in the desert region near the Malian border March 28, 2007.  Water is  precious commodity here and most families end up drinking dirty water rather than walk the miles it takes to get to the well. Ami Vitale
    _DSC1902.jpg
  • ZHARE DASHT,AFGHANISTAN - SEPT. 4: A Pashtun Afghan who was living in a camp for displaced people around Spin Boldak, near the border of Pakistan and southern Afghanistan, covers his face from dust in the new camp where he has been relocated called Zhare Dasht September 4, 2002.  As an estimated 1.6 million Afghan refugees return to Afghanistan,  ethnic Pashtuns from northern Afghanistan are seeking safety in   camps in the south. Numbering up to 120,000,  Pashtuns are fleeing the Tajik- and Uzbek-dominated cities of the north out of fear and prefer to live in the dismal camps like Zhare Dasht which is set in the middle of a desert surrounded by mines about 30 kilometers west of Kandahar. (Photo by Ami Vitale/Getty Images)
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  • ZHARE DASHT,AFGHANISTAN - SEPT. 4: A Pashtun Afghan who was living in a camp for displaced people around Spin Boldak, near the border of Pakistan and southern Afghanistan, is relocated to the encamptment of Zhare Dasht by the UNHCR September 4, 2002.  As an estimated 1.6 million Afghan refugees return to Afghanistan,  ethnic Pashtuns from northern Afghanistan are seeking safety in   camps in the south. Numbering up to 120,000,  Pashtuns are fleeing the Tajik- and Uzbek-dominated cities of the north out of fear and prefer to live in the dismal camps like Zhare Dasht which is set in the middle of a desert surrounded by mines about 30 kilometers west of Kandahar. (Photo by Ami Vitale/Getty Images)
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  • SPIN BOLDAK,AFGHANISTAN - SEPT. 4: An Afghan child from the Kuchi nomadic tribe laughs despite the horrible living conditions in an encamptment near Spin Boldak, the border town between Pakistan and southern Afghanistan September 4, 2002.  The UNHCR is trying to relocate tens of thousands of internally displaced people at the same time as an estimated 1.6 million Afghan refugees return to Afghanistan. Ethnic Pashtuns and Kuchi nomads from northern Afghanistan are seeking safety in camps in the south. Numbering up to 120,000,  theys are fleeing the Tajik- and Uzbek-dominated cities of the north out of fear and prefer to live in the dismal camps like Zhare Dasht which is set in the middle of a desert surrounded by mines about 30 kilometers west of Kandahar. (Photo by Ami Vitale/Getty Images)
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  • ZHARE DASHT,AFGHANISTAN - SEPT. 4: A Pashtun Afghan baby who was living in a camp for displaced people around Spin Boldak, near the border of Pakistan and southern Afghanistan, sits in an empty tent after her family was relocated to Zhare Dasht by the UNHCR September 4, 2002.  As an estimated 1.6 million Afghan refugees return to Afghanistan,  ethnic Pashtuns from northern Afghanistan are seeking safety in   camps in the south. Numbering up to 120,000,  Pashtuns are fleeing the Tajik- and Uzbek-dominated cities of the north out of fear and prefer to live in the dismal camps like Zhare Dasht which is set in the middle of a desert surrounded by mines about 30 kilometers west of Kandahar. (Photo by Ami Vitale/Getty Images)
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  • ZHARE DASHT,AFGHANISTAN - SEPT. 4:  Afghan Kuchi nomad children that were living in a camp for displaced people around Spin Boldak, near the border of Pakistan and southern Afghanistan, are relocated to the encamptment of Zhare Dasht by the UNHCR September 4, 2002.  As an estimated 1.6 million Afghan refugees return to Afghanistan,  ethnic Pashtuns from northern Afghanistan are seeking safety in   camps in the south. Numbering up to 120,000,  Pashtuns and Kuchis are fleeing the Tajik- and Uzbek-dominated cities of the north out of fear and prefer to live in the dismal camps like Zhare Dasht which is set in the middle of a desert surrounded by mines about 30 kilometers west of Kandahar. (Photo by Ami Vitale/Getty Images)
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  • ZHARE DASHT,AFGHANISTAN - SEPT. 3: Afghan children  play with their family's one sheep that will be slaughtered  to earn  money (about $3) as they struggle to survive in the Zhare Dasht camp, 30 kilometers from Kandahar after they were relocated September 3, 2002.  As an estimated 1.6 million Afghan refugees return to Afghanistan,  ethnic Pashtuns from northern Afghanistan are seeking safety in refugee camps in the south. Numbering up to 120,000,  Pashtuns are fleeing the Tajik- and Uzbek-dominated cities of the north out of fear and prefer to live in the dismal camps like Zhare Dasht which is set in the middle of a desert about 30 kilometers west of Kandahar. (Photo by Ami Vitale/Getty Images)
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  • ZHARE DASHT,AFGHANISTAN - SEPT. 3: An Afghan child who was living in a camp around Spin Boldak, near the border of Pakistan and southern Afghanistan, looks out of her new home after she was relocated to the desolate, dusty encamptment of Zhare Dasht by the UNHCR September 3, 2002.  As an estimated 1.6 million Afghan refugees return to Afghanistan,  ethnic Pashtuns from northern Afghanistan are seeking safety in refugee camps in the south. Numbering up to 120,000,  Pashtuns are fleeing the Tajik- and Uzbek-dominated cities of the north out of fear and prefer to live in the dismal camps like Zhare Dasht which is set in the middle of a desert about 30 kilometers west of Kandahar. (Photo by Ami Vitale/Getty Images)
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  • ZHARE DASHT,AFGHANISTAN - SEPT. 3: Afghans, mainly Pashtuns and Kuchi nomads who were living in camps around Spin Boldak, near the border of Pakistan and southern Afghanistan, are relocated to the desolate, dusty encamptment of Zhare Dasht by the UNHCR September 3, 2002.  As an estimated 1.6 million Afghan refugees return to Afghanistan,  ethnic Pashtuns from northern Afghanistan are seeking safety in refugee camps in the south. Numbering up to 120,000,  they are fleeing the Tajik- and Uzbek-dominated cities of the north out of fear and prefer to live in the dismal camps like Zhare Dasht which is set in the middle of a desert about 30 kilometers west of Kandahar. (Photo by Ami Vitale/Getty Images)
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  • ZHARE DASHT,AFGHANISTAN - SEPT. 3: An Afghan Kuchi nomad girl who was living in camps around Spin Boldak, near the border of Pakistan and southern Afghanistan, relaxes after a grueling day of being relocated to the desolate, dusty encamptment of Zhare Dasht by the UNHCR September 3, 2002.  As an estimated 1.6 million Afghan refugees return to Afghanistan,  ethnic Pashtuns and Kuchi Nomads from northern Afghanistan are seeking safety in refugee camps in the south. Numbering up to 120,000,  they are fleeing the Tajik- and Uzbek-dominated cities of the north out of fear and prefer to live in a dismal camp  like Zhare Dasht which is set in the middle of a desert about 30 kilometers west of Kandahar. (Photo by Ami Vitale/Getty Images)
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  • ZHARE DASHT,AFGHANISTAN - SEPT. 3: Afghans, mainly Pashtuns and Kuchi nomads who were living in camps around Spin Boldak, near the border of Pakistan and southern Afghanistan, are relocated to the desolate, dusty encamptment of Zhare Dasht by the UNHCR September 3, 2002.  As an estimated 1.6 million Afghan refugees return to Afghanistan,  ethnic Pashtuns from northern Afghanistan are seeking safety in refugee camps in the south. Numbering up to 120,000,  Pashtuns are fleeing the Tajik- and Uzbek-dominated cities of the north out of fear and prefer to live in the dismal camps like Zhare Dasht which is set in the middle of a desert about 30 kilometers west of Kandahar. (Photo by Ami Vitale/Getty Images)
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  • KANDAHAR,AFGHANISTAN - SEPT. 3: The stunning but desolate and dusty province of Kandahar is shown from an aerial photograph September 3, 2002 in Afghanistan.  As an estimated 1.6 million Afghan refugees return to Afghanistan,  ethnic Pashtuns from northern Afghanistan are seeking safety in refugee camps in this region. Numbering up to 120,000,  Pashtuns are fleeing the Tajik- and Uzbek-dominated cities of the north out of fear and prefer to live in the dismal camps like Zhare Dasht which is set in the middle of a desert about 30 kilometers west of Kandahar. (Photo by Ami Vitale/Getty Images)
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  • Villagers of Zigberi get water from the only pump well that offers clean water for miles in a remote part of Burkina Faso in the desert region near the Malian border March 28, 2007.  Water is  precious commodity here and most families end up drinking dirty water rather than walk the miles it takes to get to the well. Ami Vitale
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  • Villagers of Zigberi get water from the only pump well that offers clean water for miles in a remote part of Burkina Faso in the desert region near the Malian border March 28, 2007.  Water is  precious commodity here and most families end up drinking dirty water rather than walk the miles it takes to get to the well. Ami Vitale
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  • Villagers of Zigberi get water from the only pump well that offers clean water for miles in a remote part of Burkina Faso in the desert region near the Malian border March 28, 2007.  Water is  precious commodity here and most families end up drinking dirty water rather than walk the miles it takes to get to the well. Ami Vitale
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  • 2927309: JODPHUR, INDIA, FEB. 10, 2004: Indian Border Security Force constables perform their morning duties at a training center in Jodphur, India February 10,2004.  The constables train camels who are able to survive the harsh conditions in the desert region of Rajasthan and along the border with Pakistan. India and Pakistan have fought three wars that date back to the partition of the British Indian Empire  in 1947 but are now warming up to eachother and will have peace talks this month. (Ami Vitale/Getty Images)
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  • 2927309: JODPHUR, INDIA, FEB. 10, 2004: Indian Border Security Force constables perform their morning duties at a training center in Jodphur, India February 10,2004.  The constables train camels who are able to survive the harsh conditions in the desert region of Rajasthan and along the border with Pakistan. India and Pakistan have fought three wars that date back to the partition of the British Indian Empire  in 1947 but are now warming up to eachother and will have peace talks this month. (Ami Vitale)
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  • Cairo, Egpyt: An Egyptain man walks in the desert with a camel in Cairo, Egypt . (Photo Ami Vitale)
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  • Villagers of Zigberi get water from the only pump well that offers clean water for miles in a remote part of Burkina Faso in the desert region near the Malian border March 28, 2007.  Water is  precious commodity here and most families end up drinking dirty water rather than walk the miles it takes to get to the well. Ami Vitale
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  • Children carry water for their teacher, Ouedraoga Madi in Zigberi, in a remote part of Burkina Faso in the desert region near the Malian border March 24, 2007. The village had no school and after years of waiting the parents decided to build their own school, desperate to get an education for their children.  Female education in Burkina Faso and West Africa is particularly difficult given the demands placed on the women and girls in society to do all of the household work like pounding the millet, preparing food, getting wood and water which is sparce and often kilometers away.  Ami Vitale
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  • ZHARE DASHT,AFGHANISTAN - SEPT. 4:  Afghans that were living in a camp for displaced people around Spin Boldak, near the border of Pakistan and southern Afghanistan, are relocated to the encamptment of Zhare Dasht by the UNHCR September 4, 2002.  As an estimated 1.6 million Afghan refugees return to Afghanistan,  ethnic Pashtuns from northern Afghanistan are seeking safety in   camps in the south. Numbering up to 120,000,  Pashtuns and Kuchis are fleeing the Tajik- and Uzbek-dominated cities of the north out of fear and prefer to live in the dismal camps like Zhare Dasht which is set in the middle of a desert surrounded by mines about 30 kilometers west of Kandahar. (Photo by Ami Vitale/Getty Images)
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  • ZHARE DASHT,AFGHANISTAN - SEPT. 4:  Afghans that were living in a camp for displaced people around Spin Boldak, near the border of Pakistan and southern Afghanistan, are relocated to the encamptment of Zhare Dasht by the UNHCR September 4, 2002.  As an estimated 1.6 million Afghan refugees return to Afghanistan,  ethnic Pashtuns from northern Afghanistan are seeking safety in   camps in the south. Numbering up to 120,000,  Pashtuns and Kuchis are fleeing the Tajik- and Uzbek-dominated cities of the north out of fear and prefer to live in the dismal camps like Zhare Dasht which is set in the middle of a desert surrounded by mines about 30 kilometers west of Kandahar. (Photo by Ami Vitale/Getty Images)
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  • ZHARE DASHT,AFGHANISTAN - SEPT. 3: Afghans, mainly Pashtuns and Kuchi nomads who were living in camps around Spin Boldak, near the border of Pakistan and southern Afghanistan, are relocated to the desolate, dusty encamptment of Zhare Dasht by the UNHCR September 3, 2002.  As an estimated 1.6 million Afghan refugees return to Afghanistan,  ethnic Pashtuns from northern Afghanistan are seeking safety in refugee camps in the south. Numbering up to 120,000,  Pashtuns are fleeing the Tajik- and Uzbek-dominated cities of the north out of fear and prefer to live in the dismal camps like Zhare Dasht which is set in the middle of a desert about 30 kilometers west of Kandahar. (Photo by Ami Vitale/Getty Images)
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  • ZHARE DASHT,AFGHANISTAN - SEPT. 3: Afghans, mainly Pashtuns and Kuchi nomads who were living in camps around Spin Boldak, near the border of Pakistan and southern Afghanistan, are relocated to the desolate, dusty encamptment of Zhare Dasht by the UNHCR September 3, 2002.  As an estimated 1.6 million Afghan refugees return to Afghanistan,  ethnic Pashtuns from northern Afghanistan are seeking safety in refugee camps in the south. Numbering up to 120,000,  Pashtuns are fleeing the Tajik- and Uzbek-dominated cities of the north out of fear and prefer to live in the dismal camps like Zhare Dasht which is set in the middle of a desert about 30 kilometers west of Kandahar. (Photo by Ami Vitale/Getty Images)
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  • ZHARE DASHT,AFGHANISTAN - SEPT. 3:  Pashtun Afghans who were living in camps around Spin Boldak, near the border of Pakistan and southern Afghanistan, are relocated to the desolate, dusty encamptment of Zhare Dasht by the UNHCR September 3, 2002 and wait for food rations to be handed out.  As an estimated 1.6 million Afghan refugees return to Afghanistan,  ethnic Pashtuns from northern Afghanistan are seeking safety in refugee camps in the south. Numbering up to 120,000, they are fleeing the Tajik- and Uzbek-dominated cities of the north out of fear and prefer to live in the dismal camps like Zhare Dasht which is set in the middle of a desert about 30 kilometers west of Kandahar. (Photo by Ami Vitale/Getty Images)
    kan104.jpg
  • Villagers of Zigberi get water from the only pump well that offers clean water for miles in a remote part of Burkina Faso in the desert region near the Malian border March 28, 2007.  Water is  precious commodity here and most families end up drinking dirty water rather than walk the miles it takes to get to the well. Ami Vitale
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